Bristlecone Pine Trees

Bristlecone pines, Methuselah and his old colleagues! Old trees have fascinated people of all times, particularly bristlecone pine trees. In many native cultures old trees had an important role in religious rites. They are a kind of universal symbol all over the world.

Until today old, majestic trees like the bristlecone pine trees are understood as a symbol for life, the eternal forces of nature, longevity and the capability to survive hardship.

Old trees and forests have become a symbol for ecological balance too. They remember us to take care about our planet in a responsible way.

Read here about the oldest trees on earth, their story of discovery by Dr. Edmund Schulman, the oldest bristlecone pine called Methuselah in the White Mountains of north western California and what we might learn from these ancient trees.

A special thank you to my friend, fellow lensmaster and artist Martin aka editionh for turning me on to bristlecone pine trees and Methuselah in such a beautiful manner! What a beautiful story. Thank you Martin!

Photo credit: Pine tree Provence landscape by editionha.

Methuselah Poll
Just a quick little question for you! Had you heard of Methuselah previously?

1. Yes, I knew about Methuselah and the Bristlecone Pine Trees too!
2. I didn't know too much about Methuselah.
3. Well, I am just hearing about Methuselah today!

The Bristlecone Book

Learn more fascinating information about the bristlecone and foxtail pines trees that thrive in a harsh environment and live thousands of years with a special focus on Great Basin bristlecone pine, the oldest tree species on earth.

The Bristlecone Book: A Natural History of the World's Oldest Trees

In this extraordinary journey into the world of bristlecones, author Ronald Lanner exposes the trees inner workings, taking apart a pine to examine bark, buds, needles, cones, roots, and wood.

He follows a tree's lifespan from seedling to great old age, presenting a new interpretation of stages of growth. 

Discovery of Dr. Edmund Schulman
The great age of bristlecone pines was dicovered by Dr. Edmund Schulman.


It is the merit of Dr. Schulman having discovered and documented the great age of the bristlecone pines in the arid mountains of the Great Basin, from Colorado to California. Tragically Dr. Schulman died from heart attack at age of 49 just before his findings where published in 1958 and gained worldwide recognition.

• Discovery by Dr. Edmund Schulman - This document is a summary of Dr. Schulman's discovery. It contains valuable information about the scientific context that finally led to the exploration of the bristlecone pine forest in the Sierra Nevada.
• Ancient Bristlecone Pine - Website by created by Leonhard Müller in 1995 about the Bristlecone pine forests in California, the discovery of their great age by Dr. Edmund Schulman and the White mountains region.
• Oldest Living Tree Tells All, by Michael P. Cohen : Essays - This is a very interesting essay about the exploration of the bristlecone pines in California in the late 50's and beginning 60's and the political reactions on the cuttings made by Schulman and Currey for scientific purposes.

Methuselah, the Oldest Tree on Earth
Bristlecone pines in the Sierra Nevada seem to be the oldest trees on our planet. Methuselah the oldest tree on earth is 4,734 years old. The exact location is kept secret, but it is known that Methuselah is one of those magnificent bristlecone pines that grow very slowly for thousands of years at about 10 000 feet in the the White Mountains of northwestern California.

• Walking among ancients / Bristlecone groves near Bishop home to oldest trees on Earth - A great article on a visit of the oldest trees in the Sierra Nevada. Walking among ancients-Bristlecone groves near Bishop home to oldest trees on Earth, David Desjardins, Boston Globe Sunday, July 3, 2005 "People's reaction is one of awe and disbelief.
• Inyo National Forest - Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest - Information about the bristlecone pine forest on the website of the Inyo National Forest. Here is a link to the region of the bristlecone pine forest on googlemaps.
• Bristlecone pine - Pinus longaeva - ARKive - Videos and photographs - ARKive has two short but good videos of bristlecone pines together with 15 photographs including images of the seed cones.

Survival Strategies of the Bristlecone Pine
To live long die slowly! The exploration of the ecology of the bristlecone pine might be useful to answer the question of longevity on this planet in general. Some strategies of the Bristlecone pine are well known and used often by other plants, for example to avoid competition by growing on sites where no other plant can grow.

In addition bristlecone pines grow very slowly, their demand for water and nutrition is minimized.

The most fascinating fact however is that the longevity of the bristlecone pine seems to be based on the ability to die slowly. That sounds paradox, but this obviously is a successful way to survive in very difficult climate.

Those parts of the trees which are exposed to strong winds, frost in winter and heat in summer, slowly die, but the tree manages to keep some bark, often only a thin stripe in protected areas alive to serve the living functions over hundreds and thousands of years.

The dead parts form a kind of protection shield against wind, temperature extremes and erosion. Under this protection a part of the tree can continue to live.

Botanical Facts
Bristlecone Pines, also called Great Basin bristlecone pines or intermountain bristlecone pines, are trees of the species Pinus aristata Engelmann var. longaeva (D.K. Bailey) Little.

This species has 5 needles in a bundle. Apart from their typical appearance they can be discerned from other 5 needle species by examining their needles of the previous year. Bristlecone pines keep their needle sheaths for more than a year , whereas all others lose them within the year of growth.

The information on the dimensions of adult trees vary a great deal: height 6 -16 meters and a diameter of from 2 up to 8 meters. The biotope are mountain ranges between 2000 -3500 meters altitude. The trees grow in full sunlight and usually have no competitiors in their biotope. The name giving seed cone shows many bristles at the end of the scales that hold the seed. The cones mature within 1-2 years.

• Botanical facts on Pinus longaeva - University of Hamburg - Description of Pinus longaeva (bristlecone pine) which contains interesting facts about the life Bristlecone pines and their survival strategies in severe climate.
• Bryce Canyon National Park - Bristlecone Pine (U.S. National Park Service) - A description of Bristlecone pines in the Bryce Canyon, also with informations about the ecology and their natural biotop.
• Pinus longaeva (Intermountain Bristlecone Pine) - This website is all about the taxonomy of Pinus longaeva (Bristlecone Pine, Great Basin Bristlecone Pine). It is a great resource if you want to know more about the genus of pine trees in general and the position of the Bristlecone pine within. Also
• Bristlecone pine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Bristlecone Pine on Wikipedia
• Flora of America - Pinus longaeva intermountain bristlecone pine - A short botanical description with a link to a distribution map in the U.S.

Inyo National Forest - The website of the Inyo National Forest with lots of information about this very popular region. The Inyo National Forest, located in California's beautiful Eastern Sierra offers clean air, crystal blue skies, mountain lakes and streams, and high mountains.

The White Mountains Images
A great set of photographs taken in the White Mountains on the Lake Tahoe stock photography blog by photojournalist Scott Sady. ~ Images of the bristlecone pine trees in the White Mountains of California

"Methuselah the oldest tree on earth!" For some reason I thought Methuselah was an elderly sage. Well, what about you? Did you learn something today?


History: Bristlecone Pine Trees : Ah, Methuselah! was originally created on June 29, 2009. Highest lensrank ever achieved: #2,473 overall.

Redwood Trees True Giants

Redwood Trees : True Giants in the Earth. Giant trees discovered : the redwood trees of the earth! Let's celebrate the beauty of the majestic giant Redwood Trees!

Redwood Trees, Humboldt Redwoods State Park, Wall Mural

In the mid of the 19th century the American writer Bayard Taylor undertook the adventure to travel to the Sierra Nevada, Calaveras County. Taylor had a fancy for trees of all kinds and he dedicated this pilgrimage to the last ancient giants on earth, which he compared with the pyramids of Gizeh in importance for the North American continent.

The incredible dimensions of these wooden towers is overwhelming. Historic photographs, for example by Amasa Plummer Flaglor, a pioneer photographer of the West, show ten people sitting next to each other in a row in the big incision cut at the base into the gigantic Redwood tree trunk before felling.

The first white man who discovered the Redwood Tree giants of the West was most probably Augustus T. Dowd, who worked for the Union Water Company as a hunter around 1850. He later founded Hutchins' California Magazine and began to write books about his travels. His contemporaries did not believe him when he reported about the giant trees he had seen on a hunting trip. Only by pretending to have shot the biggest grizzly bear ever he could persuade others to follow him into the woods. Welcome to giant trees discovered -- the redwood trees of the earth :: True Giants in the Earth!


The Endangered Giants of Our Earth -- Redwood Tree Forests

Sad enough, soon after the discovery of these wonderful redwood trees, the commercial exploitation started and nowadays there are only a few percent of the original growths of redwood forests left on earth.

The first great human act was to cut the “Discovery tree just to prove that men can do that ! Five men worked 22 days to screw holes into the trunk as they did have suitable saws. Even though the giants base was perforated it would not fall because of the weight of more than one thousand tons and the upright position of the trunk. Only with the help of a storm the giant tree came down. Later the age of the tree was examined: The tree had seen than 2500 before it was cut. The stump, that had served as dancing floor, can still be visited at Calaveras Big Tree State Park.

The fate of another wonderful Redwood tree called “The mother of the forest” (according to Wikipedia) was not much better. Quite justified the initiators of this business lost their money and went into bankruptcy. From then on the press took up the matter and the slaughter of the “Mother of the forests” caused a first insight that man had to preserve the treasures of nature. Also these ancient trees were perceived as a natural heritage of the American nation.

Finally John Muir (according to Wikipedia), the founder of the Sierra Club, entered the stage and the whole process got a new dynamic. Muir was the driving force to establish those great national parks Yosemite Valley and Sequoia National Park at the end of the 19th century.

The struggle to save the old trees has not come to an end yet. Still activists like Julia Butterfly Hill (according to Wikipedia) fight for the trees, sometimes even putting their own lives at risk.

Giant Redwood Tree

Bayard Taylor published his encounter with the giant Redwood Trees in his travel book "At home and abroad" under the title "The big trees of Calaveras" (page 176 ff.):

"Suddenly in front of us,
where the gloom was deepest,
I saw a huge something behind the other trees,
like the magnified shadow of one of them,
thrown upon a dark red cloud …

Not trees, surely!

– but yes,
by all the dryads,
those are trees!.."


Photo: Young Sequioadendron giganteum, Maulbronn, Germany

The soft redish bark of Sequoiadendron giganteum feels great

Famous Giant Redwood Trees
Redwoods with record breaking dimensions!

The world’s tallest Redwood tree measures 378.1 feet in height as the news reported in 2006.

Other famous redwood trees are featured on Wikipedia as follows:

• Iluvatar
• General Grant
• General Sherman

Redwood trees are well represented when it comes to record breaking dimensions of trees (according to Wikipedia). The tallest tree is a Redwood with almost 380 feet height, a redwood has position No.3 in terms of diameter with 29 feet, two redwood trees have the lead as to volume with well over 52000 and 42 000 cubic feet, and the third oldest tree is a Redwood with 3266 years of age.

Redwood Trees -- The Botanical Facts
Two different types of redwood trees.

In total three different tree species are commonly called Redwood.

1. Sequoiadendron giganteum – the Sierra Redwood on WIKI This species is part of the cupressaceae family. Have a close look at the leaves of the Sierra Redwood they look like small needles,which cover each other like roof tiles.

2. Sequoia sempervirens – the Coast Redwood on WIKI
This is the sole living species of the genus Sequoia in the cypress family (Cupressaceae). Coastal California and the southwest of Oregon within the United States are the natural biotop of these trees.
The leaves of this species look completely different from the Sequioadendron leaves. (Image on wikimedia)

3. Metaseqoia glyptostroboides – the Dawn Redwood on WIKI
This tree species cannot be confused with those two above. The look of the tree is completely different, also it grows under much different conditions. Coast Redwood, Sierra Redwood and Metasequoia form a subfamily Sequoioideae within the Cupressaceae.

Redwood Tree Link List
Some interesting stuff on redwood trees!

1. Climbing the Redwoods - Richard Preston - Climbing the Redwoods* Richard Preston, A scientist explores a lost world over Northern California.
2. Photo Tour: Redwood, Sequoia sempervirens - Institute for Redwood Ecology - Humboldt State University - A site with lots of great photographs of Redwood trees, Humboldt State University,Professor Stephen Sillett
3. Dendro Images - Website with photographic archive for identification of tree species.Author Robert Underwood, Certified Arborist (IL 0024, 1986-2001).

Wow, what amazing trees with great stature … reminds me of David and Goliath! So, how about you? Are you equally fascinated by the gentle giants of the earth, our redwood trees? Do you have a fondness for redwood trees? Ah, why not tell us about it today! We thank YOU.


History: Redwood Trees : True Giants in the Earth was originally created on Squidoo on November 23, 2009. Highest lensrank ever achieved: #7,240 overall.